GHSA-8jqh-95g6-7jpj

## Summary

`Phalcon\Encryption\Crypt` provides authenticated encryption: when `useSigning` is enabled (the default), `encrypt()` appends an HMAC tag and `decrypt()` verifies it before returning the plaintext. The verification compares the attacker-supplied tag against the freshly computed HMAC using PHP/Zephir identity comparison (`!==`), which the Zephir compiler lowers to `!ZEPHIR_IS_IDENTICAL(...)` — a byte-wise `memcmp` that returns early on the first differing byte. The comparison time therefore depends on how many leading bytes of the supplied tag are correct, a classic MAC-verification timing side-channel. Every other secret/MAC comparison in the framework uses the constant-time `hash_equals()` (`zephir_hash_equals`) — the CSRF token check (`Security::checkToken`) and the JWT signature check (`Signer\Hmac::verify`); `Crypt::decrypt` is the lone deviation.

## Details

### Vulnerable code

`phalcon/Encryption/Crypt.zep:246` (Zephir source):

```zephir if true === this->useSigning { // Checks on the decrypted message digest using the HMAC method. if digest !== hash_hmac(hashAlgorithm, padded, decryptKey, true) { throw new Mismatch("Hash does not match."); } } ```

Generated C --> `ext/phalcon/encryption/crypt.zep.c:364-367`:

```c ZEPHIR_CALL_FUNCTION(&_8$$7, "hash_hmac", NULL, 245, &hashAlgorithm, &padded, &decryptKey, &__$true); ... if (!ZEPHIR_IS_IDENTICAL(&digest, &_8$$7)) { // <-- non-constant-time ZEPHIR_THROW_EXCEPTION_DEBUG_STR(..., "Hash does not match.", "phalcon/Encryption/Crypt.zep", 247); ```

`ZEPHIR_IS_IDENTICAL` --> `zephir_is_identical()` (`ext/kernel/operators.c:472`) --> Zend `is_identical_function` --> for equal-length strings a `memcmp` that exits on the first mismatching byte (data-dependent timing).

### Impact

The HMAC is the integrity/authentication tag of Phalcon's authenticated-encryption scheme. A successful timing attack (Keyczar/CVE-2009-0654-style: fix the IV+ciphertext so the target tag is constant, then recover it byte-by-byte from response timing) yields a tag the attacker can attach to a chosen IV+ciphertext so that `decrypt()` accepts it as authentic, defeating the integrity guarantee. Combined with CFB malleability (flipping a ciphertext byte flips the corresponding plaintext byte), an attacker who recovers the forging capability can tamper with the decrypted contents the application trusts (e.g. encrypted cookies carrying authorization/identity state). There is no confidentiality break by itself.

## Suggested fix

Replace the identity comparison with the constant-time helper already used elsewhere in the framework. In `phalcon/Encryption/Crypt.zep:246`:

```zephir // before if digest !== hash_hmac(hashAlgorithm, padded, decryptKey, true) { throw new Mismatch("Hash does not match."); } // after if true !== hash_equals(hash_hmac(hashAlgorithm, padded, decryptKey, true), digest) { throw new Mismatch("Hash does not match."); } ```

`hash_equals()` returns false for unequal-length inputs, so it also covers the truncated-tag case. Optional further hardening: verify the MAC before unpadding (functionally moot here because `cryptUnpadText` never throws) and consider migrating the default toward an AEAD mode such as `aes-256-gcm`.

Addressed Issue:

- https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/issues/17090

Patched Stream:

- https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/issues/17090