GHSA-2qvq-rjwj-gvw9

## Summary

`resolvePartial()` in the Handlebars runtime resolves partial names via a plain property lookup on `options.partials` without guarding against prototype-chain traversal. When `Object.prototype` has been polluted with a string value whose key matches a partial reference in a template, the polluted string is used as the partial body and rendered **without HTML escaping**, resulting in reflected or stored XSS.

## Description

The root cause is in `lib/handlebars/runtime.js` inside `resolvePartial()` and `invokePartial()`:

```javascript // Vulnerable: plain bracket access traverses Object.prototype partial = options.partials[options.name]; ```

`hasOwnProperty` is never checked, so if `Object.prototype` has been seeded with a key whose name matches a partial reference in the template (e.g. `widget`), the lookup succeeds and the polluted string is returned. The runtime emits a prototype-access warning, but the partial is still resolved and its content is inserted into the rendered output unescaped. This contradicts the documented security model and is distinct from CVE-2021-23369 and CVE-2021-23383, which addressed data property access rather than partial template resolution.

**Prerequisites for exploitation:** 1. The target application must be vulnerable to prototype pollution (e.g. via `qs`, `minimist`, or any querystring/JSON merge sink). 2. The attacker must know or guess the name of a partial reference used in a template.

## Proof of Concept

```javascript const Handlebars = require('handlebars');

// Step 1: Prototype pollution (via qs, minimist, or another vector) Object.prototype.widget = '<img src=x onerror="alert(document.domain)">';

// Step 2: Normal template that references a partial const template = Handlebars.compile('<div>Welcome! {{> widget}}</div>');

// Step 3: Render — XSS payload injected unescaped const output = template({}); // Output: <div>Welcome! <img src=x onerror="alert(document.domain)"></div> ```

> The runtime prints a prototype access warning claiming "access has been denied," but the partial still resolves and returns the polluted value.

## Workarounds

- Apply `Object.freeze(Object.prototype)` early in application startup to prevent prototype pollution. Note: this may break other libraries. - Use the Handlebars runtime-only build (`handlebars/runtime`), which does not compile templates and reduces the attack surface.